Founder - The Late Lt. General Daniel O. Graham
Director, Missile Defense - Ambassador Henry Cooper
Founding Member/Director, Space Exploration and Moon Base - Dr. Klaus P. Heiss
Director - Lt. Colonel Stephen J. McCormick
Founding Member/Director - Brigadier General Robert C. Richardson
Director - Major General (Ret.) J. Milnor Roberts, Jr.
Chief Administrator - Bernice Coakley
Office Manager - Michelle Fowler
Receptionist - Leslie A. Ivanjack

The Late Lieutenant General Daniel O. Graham - Born in Portland, Oregon, Daniel O. Graham attended college at the United States Military Academy at West Point. He later attended the Army's Command and General Staff College and the U.S. Army War College. During his 30 years in the military, Graham saw active duty in Germany, Korea, and Vietnam. Some key assignments included Estimator of Soviet and East European Affairs; the Office of the Chief of Staff of the Army; the Office of National Estimates of the Central Intelligence Agency, Chief of Current Intelligence and Estimates for the Military Assistance Command in Vietnam; and Director of Collections, and Director of Estimates of the Defense Intelligence Agency.

From 1973-1974, Graham served as Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and from 1974-1976 as Director of its military counterpart, the Defense Intelligence Agency. During his military career, Graham received some of the highest decorations our nation bestows: the Distinguished Service Medal; the Distinguished Intelligence Medal; the Legion of Merit with two oak-leaf clusters; and in 1980 the National Armed Services Award presented by the Veterans of Foreign Wars. He served as military advisor to Ronald Reagan in both the 1976 and 1980 Presidential campaigns. In 1978, Graham became Co-Chairman of the Coalition for Peace through Strength.

In 1981, he founded and became Director of High Frontier. Lieutenant General Graham (Ret.) passed away in 1995.

Ambassador Henry F. (Hank) Cooper is Chairman of the Board of High Frontier, a non-profit, non-partisan educational corporation, formed to examine the potential for defending America against missile attack. Founded by General Daniel O. Graham in the early 1980's, High Frontier played a key role in developing the framework for President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). Under Ambassador Cooper's direction, High Frontier continues to inform the nation of the growing threat of ballistic missiles and of the need for a workable missile defense.

Ambassador Cooper has had a long and distinguished career in service to his country. He was Director of the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) during the Bush administration. Prior to becoming SDIO's first civilian director, he conducted a major independent review of the SDI program and related policy issues for Defense Secretary Dick Cheney, the results of which were instrumental in reversing the SDI funding cuts Congress had mandated in the preceding several years. Previously, he was President Reagan's Chief Negotiator at the Geneva Defense and Space Talks, successfully defending SDI in these negotiations with the now defunct Soviet Union.

Ambassador Cooper also led the development of President Reagan's space arms control policy while serving as Assistant Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and as Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force earlier in the Reagan Administration, he helped institute the 1981 Strategic Modernization Program. Much earlier in his career, he was Scientific Advisor at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory, now Phillips Laboratory, in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

He is also Chairman of Applied Research Associates, Senior Associate of the National Institute for Public Policy, and Visiting Fellow at the Heritage Foundation. Previously in the private sector, he was Senior Vice President of Jaycor, Deputy Director of the Nuclear Weapons Effects Division at R&D Associates, member of the technical staff at Bell Laboratories, and an instructor at Clemson University.

Author of over 100 technical and policy publications, Ambassador Cooper holds a Ph.D. from New York University in mechanical engineering, and BS and MS degrees from Clemson University, also in mechanical engineering. He and his wife Bobbye, have two daughters, Laura and Cynthia, a son, Scott, and eight grandchildren.

As a respected engineer, program manager, and negotiator who understands technology and its policy ramifications, and brings both technical and political expertise to High Frontier.

Dr. Heiss was assistant to Prof. Oskar Morgenstern at Princeton University and Mathematica (1964 - 1973). His work involved development and applications of advanced concepts in the Theory of Games and Mathematical Economics to such diverse issues as the Plowshare Program (peaceful uses of nuclear explosives), Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, advanced transportation modes and the value of remote sensing information gathered from Space.

The work of Dr. Heiss led to innovations in US technology programs, including conceptual work on new Space Transportation Systems (the Space Shuttle), assessing the scope and value of worldwide remote sensing systems, advanced Space communications concepts (Geoplatforms, VSATs, airborne systems) and Space energy concepts and programs. (NASA, US Atomic Energy Commission, Office of Naval Research, Departments of Interior, Agriculture, Aerospace Industry Association, Aerospace and Communications companies). Some of these concepts and programs have since been implemented:

Space Shuttle: Dr. Heiss conducted the independent assessment of the Space Transortation System choices in 1970 and 1971 which led to the Space Shuttle Decision Memorandum of October 1971. Dr. Heiss was selected to present the initial testimony on new Space Transportation Systems jointly with Wernher von Braun and Frank Borman in the early 1970s.

Space Transportation: In the late 1970s and 1980s Dr. Heiss led the effort to see to the private financing of lacking US Space transportation capabilities ("SpaceTran" Corp.), including Space Shuttle Orbiter V, the privatization of the Titan Launch Vehicle program, the foremost US launcher capability (joint venture with Martin Marietta, Aerojet, UTC). In 1995 Martin Marietta and partners were awarded the private Space Shuttle and Space Station operations contract, a fundamental change in Space operations for the US Government, and a direct result of these efforts in the 1970s and '80s.

Space Remote Sensing: Dr. Heiss initiated a first joint venture in the commercialization of Space remote sensing (SPARX Corp.), an area still struggling with some difficult regulatory and policy issues. The proposed and demonstrated capabilities of SPARX where so outstanding that special legislation was passed in 1984 outlawing the private ownership of original Space remote sensing data (Landsat Space Commercialization Act of 1984, Title IV). The remote sensing market is still awaiting adequate commercial rules for private market and profits (Ref.: John McLukas, former Secretary, US Airforce).

Space Life Sciences: At the Three Sigma Group, Dr. Heiss is responsible for advanced planning in Life Sciences as applied to Space Station, Lunar and Mars missions, the new field of "Closed Ecological Life Support Systems" (CELSS), and the role of advanced communications therein.(References: Steve Fogleman, Deputy, Life Sciences, NASA).

Space Defense: Dr. Heiss has been involved in the early development of Space defense concepts (SDI), contributing the "KKV Killer Bee" concept, later evolved to Brilliant Bees, GPALS - Global Protection against Accidental Launches (References: Gen James Abrahamson, formerly Director, SDIO; Gen. Daniel Graham, Director, High Frontier, Washington DC, formerly Director, Defense Intelligence Agency and Ambassador Hank Cooper).

Space Communications: In Europe, Dr. Heiss has initiated OecoTel GmbH in Vienna, Austria, for the establishment and operations of Private Line Telecommunications networks in Europe and between Europe and North America. OecoTel was the representative of Orion Atlantic, a privately financed Space telecommunications venture, which Dr. Heiss helped to get started with Austrian and Italian participation in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The Orion Spacecraft F1 - a US$340 million private enterprise - was successfully launched by the Atlas II, a launch vehicle, on November 29, 1994, from Cape Canaveral. OecoTel has been acquired by Bank Austria in 1998.

Space Exploration: Dr. Heiss has been the originator of the Columbus 500 Space Sail Cup competition worldwide - jointly with the Hon. James Symington, Esq - a competition that tries to bring about the early uses of Solar Light Pressure in space for transportation throughout the solar system, identified as one of three key technologies by Prof. Freeman Dyson of the Institute of Advanced Studies in Princeton. Dr. Heiss was Chairman of this Committee, part of the US Quincentenary Commission. The First Solar Sail ever to fly in Space - Novy Sviet of Energia NPO was launched in February 1993 as a result of this competition under the direction of Prof. Vladimir Syromiatnikov, Moscow. (Reference: the Hon. James Symington, Esq).

Dr. Heiss has received numerous professional honors. Amongst these:

NASA Public Service award for unique contributions to the US Space Program (1981), the highest award for non Government employees.

Elected Member of the Explorers Club, a group of people dedicated to exploration - 1989.

Elected Member of the International Astronautics Academy, the worldwide academic organization for space sciences and technology.

Director - Christopher Vizas

Entrepreneur and founder of successful technology/telecommunications businesses. Experience in strategic management and transition in developing companies, in corporate governance of public companies, in structuring and financing corporate partnerships and joint ventures (particularly structuring international partnerships and complex international financial transactions), and in U.S. and foreign regulation of technology/telecommunications businesses. Substantive experience in satellite communications, remote sensing and related technology services, cellular, international long distance, IP networking, software development, software services, and security technology businesses.  Legislative and Executive Branch experience at senior levels in the U.S. Government; represented the United States in International Conferences and negotiations; testimony before the U.S. Congress and other national legislatures and regulatory bodies.

Principal Employment 1975-Present

2000 - 2005:  Advisor on development and financing of telecom and technology businesses. Currently

Director, founder and non-executive Chairman of the Board, i1, Inc. Shanghai, P.R.C.

Director, Speedus Corp. New York, New York (member of Audit Committee)

Director, Expert Choice, Inc., Arlington, Virginia

Director, Global and Entrepreneurial Finance Institute, George Washington University

Member, Board of Governors, Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, DC

Member, Board of Advisors, School of Business, George Washington University

1998-2000:  Chairman, eGlobe Inc., Denver, Colorado

1995-1997:  Chief Executive, Quo Vadis International (Merchant Banking Partnership), New York, Washington, D.C., Bangkok, Moscow, St. Petersburg and Warsaw

1994-1995:  Managing Director, Kouri Capital Group, New York & Washington, D.C.

Chief Executive, Kouri Telecommunications and Technology; Manager, Telecommunications and Technology Fund, LP

1993:  Sabbatical

1982-1992:  Founder, Director and Vice Chairman, Orion Network Systems, Washington, D.C., Rockville, Maryland, and London, U.K.  part time until 1988 and full time through 1992.

1987-1991: Founder and Director, Asia Pacific Space and Communications, Ltd., Arlington, Virginia and Singapore

1983-1985: Founder, Managing Partner, Trinity Cellular, L.P., Washington, D.C., part time

1982-1987: Founder, Managing Partner, Orion Telecommunications Limited, Washington, D.C.

1979-1982:  Professional Staff, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Counsel to the Government Information Subcommittee, then Special Assistant to its Chairman.

1977-1979:      Humanities Fellow, Division of the Social Sciences, University of Chicago.

Consultant, Executive Office of the President, Washington, D.C.,

              Consultant to a few large U.S. corporations

1976-1977:  Special Counsel, U.S. Privacy Protection Study Commission, Washington, D.C.

1975-76:  Office of the General Counsel, White House Office of Telecommunications Policy, Washington, D.C.

Education:        Yale University             Undergraduate, Graduate, Law

Lieutenant Colonel Stephen McCormick is the Communications Consultant for High Frontier. Lt. Colonel McCormick received his education from Cambridge Latin School, Boston University College of Liberal Arts and the Institut du Panthéon in Paris.

Lt. Colonel McCormick was drafted as a Private in 1941. He retired in 1946 as Lieutenant Colonel. His final assignment was Intelligence Chief, Western Pacific Base Command. He was awarded the Bronze Star on Saipan.

He has spent twenty-five years with the Mutual Broadcasting System as Reporter, Editor, White House Correspondent in four administrations, Washington Bureau Chief, Network News Vice President, Executive Vice President, and Board Member. He was the Producer/Director of all MBS space coverage of Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs. He was also the Chief Anchorman for MBS national political conventions for twenty years and was a Feature Reporter for the BBC.

Lt. Colonel McCormick is a member of the National Industry Advisory Committee, Federal Communications Commission, American Legion Post Commander, and National Press Club.

He is the founder and former President of the Radio and Television Correspondents' Association, U.S. Capitol.

General Richardson is a 1939 Graduate of the United States Military Academy. He was a fighter pilot and World War II Fighter Group Commander in Europe, who subsequently spent much of his career in politico-military and national security planning activities with the US Joint Staff, the Air Force, and NATO. He also worked in new weapons development and procurement in the 1960's as a Deputy Chief of Staff for Science and Technology in the US Air Force Systems Command. Subsequently, General Richardson was Deputy Commander of the Defense Atomic Support Field Command, Sandia Base, New Mexico.

A 1956 Graduate of the National War College, General Richardson retired in 1967 to go into business in International Trade where he has been writing and lecturing on defense issues. He is currently the Deputy Director of High Frontier and a Director of the American Foreign Policy Institute and of the Security and Intelligence Fund.

General Richardson joined High Frontier in 1981, and was part of General Graham's original team of scientists and experts who developed the original High Frontier concept of a space based defense against ballistic missiles.

General Roberts, Director of High Frontier, the organization that promotes defense against ballistic missiles. He is President of the National Historical Intelligence Museum and Chairman of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Society. His biography appears in the current edition of Who's Who in America.

Roberts is a veteran of World War II and served as a glider infantry officer until he was appointed as Aide de Camp to Major General Leonard Gerow, Commander of the V Corps of First U.S. Army. He landed on Omaha Beach, June 6, 1944 during the Invasion of Normandy. He participated in the next five campaigns, including the Battle of the Bulge.

In January 1946 Roberts joined the Sykes Advertising Agency in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and became President of the agency in 1948. Roberts was promoted to Brigadier General May 1968 and was the Commanding General of the 99th Army Reserve Command in Pittsburgh. In 1970 Roberts moved to Washington D.C. .to serve as the Deputy Chief of the Army Reserve in the Pentagon.

In 1971, he was promoted to Major General. After being confirmed by the U.S. Senate he became Chief of the U.S. Army Reserve and served at the Pentagon until 1975. In 1975 Roberts became the Executive Director of the Reserve Officers Association and served in that position until 1984. Throughout his extensive military career, he has received many awards and honors including the Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit, Bronze Star Medal, French Croix de Guerre with Silver Star, Czechoslovakian Military Cross of 1939, and the Bronze Arrowhead for the D-Day Normandy Invasion on Omaha Beach, (June 6, 1944). In 1984 he was awarded the Navy Distinguished Public Service Medal, The Air Force Exceptional Service Medal and the Coast Guard Distinguished Public Service Medal. General Roberts was inducted into the Minuteman Hall of Fame, Reserve Officers Association in 1975.

In observance of the 60th Anniversary of the Invasion of Normandy, June 6, 1944, he was presented the French Legion of Honor by the French Minister of Defense, June 5, 2004, in Paris, France.

He is a graduate of the ROTC program at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, PA and the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. He holds certificates from the U.S. Army War College and the National Defense University.

Roberts has appeared on the cover of several national publications and recognized in Time Magazine. The highest honor accorded a member of Sigma Chi Fraternity is the "Significant Sig Medal" which was awarded to him in 1973.

General Roberts has been the featured speaker on national defense issues before hundreds of audiences in the United States and abroad, and has appeared on television and radio programs, including ABC's Nightline.

He and his wife, Priscilla, (P.B. Bruce) host a weekly radio program titled "The Greatest Generation". It is broadcast over Radio America and heard around the country and internationally over Armed Forces Radio.

General Roberts is a descendant of Colonel George Gibson, one of General George Washington's Commanders at Valley Forge. He is a member of the Society of Cincinnati, the Sons of the American Revolution, and several Masonic organizations including Sojourners. He has served as an officer and is a member of numerous Veterans Service Organizations including, The American Legion, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, Military of World Wars, and the Disabled American Veterans. In 2004 he became a member of the American Society of the French Legion of Honor, and has served as President of the Capitol Hill Exchange Club. He and his wife belong to numerous patriotic and lineal societies and such social organizations as the Washington Assembly, Black Tie, and the Sulgrave Dinner Dances. They hold memberships in numerous charitable and diplomatic related organizations such as The Meridian House, T.H. I. S., and Achievement Rewards for College Scientists.

General Roberts is the father of two sons and two daughters by his first wife who is deceased, and he has eight grandchildren.

In 1995 he married the former Priscilla Bruce Thompson and together they reside in Arlington, Virginia.

Bernice Coakley has been with High Frontier since its formation in May of 1982. She was General Graham's Personal Secretary and Office Manager.

Her prior experience includes three years with the Washington Field Office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and ten years in the Engineering Office of Northern Virginia Community College.

Today, Ms. Coakley continues to be the foundation of a strong office. Ms. Coakley is also in charge of High Frontier's internship program.

Michele Fowler recently joined High Frontier in the role of Office Manager. She will be responsible for the day-to-day office functions, and will be offering assistance with donations. Michele comes with twenty years of experience of office and benefits administration.

Routes your calls and messages to High Frontier directors and staff. Provides coffee or tea when you are visiting us, as well as meeting rooms and work spaces.